Seznam abstraktů 2025: POSTEROVÁ SEKCE C

Bimetallic single atom materials involve the co-existence of two different types of single metal atoms anchored on single support. These materials offer synergistic effects between the two metals, enhancing catalytic activity, and therapeutic potential beyond what monometallic systems can achieve. Thus, bimetallic single atoms offer a versatile platform for cancer therapy by integrating complementary therapeutic functions of two distinct metals. Their unique dual-site architecture enables precise tumor microenvironment modulation and facilitates multi-step therapeutic reactions with high efficiency. In this study, we have used nitrogen doped graphene (NGA) as a matrix to support bimetallic single atoms viz., Fe/Cu, Ni/Cu and Fe/Ni to form single atom materials (SAMs). Among the three bimetallic combinations evaluated, the Fe/Cu system exhibited superior anticancer activity, showing enhanced cytotoxic effects against HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line. This increased efficacy is likely attributed to the synergistic catalytic behavior of Fe and Cu in promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and disrupting tumor cell viability. Despite its pronounced anticancer activity, the material exhibited minimal toxicity toward human fibroblast cells (BJ), highlighting its favorable biocompatibility profile. Further mechanistic studies are currently underway to elucidate the precise molecular effects of bimetallic SAMs and to better understand the structure-function relationships underlying their therapeutic action.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The financial support of the European Union under the REFRESH - Research Excellence For Region Sustainability and High-tech Industries project number CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048 via the Operational Programme Just Transition is acknowledged.

Hyperthermia (HT), involving the controlled elevation of tumor temperature to 39-47 °C, enhances the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy by inducing cell death and modulating DNA repair and stress response pathways. Using magnetic nanoparticles, HT can be strictly localized at the tumor level by means of an external magnetic field. Metal-doped magnetites emerge as promising agents due to their improved magnetic properties and biocompatibility. This strategy is particularly relevant for aggressive malignancies such as triple-negative breast cancer, where the MDA-MB-231 cell line serves as a thermosensitive model for investigating HT-based multimodal therapies.
To support this approach, we synthesized zinc-doped magnetite nanoparticles with 10% Zn substitution (Zn10%:Fe3O4) via the coprecipitation method. Pluronic F127 was employed as a non-ionic surfactant to enhance colloidal stability in aqueous media. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure. Dynamic light scattering revealed a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 244 nm while Zeta potential measurements yielded a value of -16 mV, indicating moderate colloidal stability compatible with biomedical applications. In vitro evaluation of Zn10%:Fe3O4 in MDA-MB-231 cells was conducted under five treatment conditions, with and without HT. MNPs alone reduced cell viability to ~75%, suggesting mild intrinsic cytotoxicity. Under HT, Zn10%:Fe3O4@DOX reduced viability to 64%, showing only slight improvement over non-HT conditions. Physical mixtures and individual agents exhibited limited effects (~73-79%). In conclusion, Zn10%:Fe3O4 exhibited modest cytotoxicity, with minimal enhancement under HT. This indicates that the observed effects primarily arise from nanoparticle-drug interactions rather than thermal-MNPs-DOX synergy, highlighting the therapeutic effect of the nanosystems in the absence of additional heating.

Acknowledgments: H2020-ERA-Chair, no 952390 and PN-III-P3-3.6-H2020-2020-0105/35/2021 (UEFISCDI).

Early discovery of tumours is one of the utmost importance for their treatment, that’s why contrast agents are being widely used to enhance their signals. Nanomaterials, specifically superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been widely studied and modified for various medical applications, including drug delivery and tissue imaging (1, 2). In this study, multimodal contrast agent for detection and imaging of HER2 positive cancer cells was prepared. Firstly, SPIONs were synthetised through a soft biomineralization route, where their in situ surface functionalization with alginic acid led to the formation of colloidal nanoclusters (3). Secondly, further functionalization of SPIONs was achieved with the covalent conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) corona G protein via EDC/NHS bonding. Fluorescently marked ErB2/HER2 antibody was conjugated on the prepared SPIONs by specific bond protein G - IgG region of antibody. SPIONs were thoroughly characterised for their size, surface charge and magnetic properties (10nm by TEM, Dh = 100nm, ζZp = - 29mV). In vivo biocompatibility testing on healthy and cancer cells revealed no high biocompatibility in tested concentrations (up to 150ug/ml). Finally, clustered SPIONs have demonstrated high negative contrast for MRI (relaxivity = 178 s-1/nM), comparable with commercially used compounds like Resovist, and also fluorescent signal for high sensitivity towards HER2 positive tumour cells in vitro and in vivo, respectively (Alexa Fluor 488 for in vitro and Alexa Fluor 750 for in vivo). Obtained results show that our modified SPIONs with monoclonal antibody are promising candidates as dual specific contrast agents for HER2 positive cancer cell detection.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This work has been funded from the European Regional Development Fund - Project Excellence in Regenerative Medicine" (No. CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004562)
REFERENCES: [1] R. Weissleder, A. Bogdanov, E. A. Neuwelt, M. Papisov, Long-circulating iron oxides for MR imaging, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Volume 16, Issues 2-3, 1995, ISSN 0169 409X; [2] Ulbrich K, Holá K, Šubr V, Bakandritsos A, Tuček J, Zbořil R. Targeted Drug Delivery with Polymers and Magnetic Nanoparticles: Covalent and Noncovalent Approaches, Release Control, and Clinical Studies. Chem Rev. 2016 May 11;116(9):5338-431. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00589. Epub 2016 Apr 25. PMID: 27109701; [3] Zoppellaro, G., Kolokithas-Ntoukas A., Polakova K., Tucek J., Zboril R., Loudos G., Fragogeorgi E., Diwoky C., Tomankova K., Avgoustakis K., Kouzoudis D., Bakandritsos A., Theranostics of epitaxially condensed colloidal nanocrystal clusters, through a soft biomineralization route. Chem. Mater. 26, 2062-2074 (2014)

The biological properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are strongly influenced by their morphology and surface features, as demonstrated in numerous studies. ZnO NPs are well known for their inherent antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties, making them highly attractive for biomedical applications. It has also been shown that the chemical and biological characteristics of low-molar-mass stabilizing agents deposited on the surface of ZnO NPs can enhance their biological activity. A very similar biological activity is also exhibited by low-molecular-weight polyphenols, such as gallic acid (GA) and rosmarinic acid (RA). In addition to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, they demonstrate anticancer, neuroprotective, and antiallergic effects. It therefore appears highly probable that the functionalization of ZnO NPs with polyphenols may lead to synergistic effects in terms of their biological properties. To verify this research hypothesis, ZnO NPs were synthesized using the precipitation method and subsequently functionalized with both polyphenols. The three resulting types of nanoparticles were subjected to physicochemical characterization, followed by an evaluation of their cytotoxicity against mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2A). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the nanoparticles possessed a wurtzite crystalline structure and that surface modification did not affect their crystallographic form. Based on the full width at half maximum of the diffraction peaks, the average crystallite size was determined to be 29±5 nm using the Scherrer equation. The functionalization of ZnO NPs slightly influenced their electrokinetic properties, which was confirmed by the determination of zeta potentials. Generally, each type of ZnO NPs was negatively charged over a broad range of ionic strength and pH. The cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs was evaluated using common biochemical assays, including XTT, LDH, and MDA. Changes in the mitochondrial activity of N2A cells were most pronounced after 48 hours of treatment with a ZnO NP concentration of 15 mg/L. Disruption of membrane integrity was observed after 24 hours of treatment and was associated with lipid peroxidation, as indicated by the results of the MDA assay. Each type of ZnO NP induced
a concentration-dependent secretion of SOD activity in a similar manner. Likewise, the secretion of glutathione triggered by each type of ZnO NP was comparable. It was determined that GA-ZnO NPs and RA-ZnO NPs were significantly toxic to the cells, which was particularly evident in the disruption of mitochondrial activity. These findings demonstrate that the functionalization of ZnO NPs with polyphenols influences their toxicity toward N2A cells.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: This research was funded by the National Science Centre (NCN) under project number 2022/47/O/ST5/01858.

Polymer nanocomposites loaded with biosynthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are efficient and environmentally-friendly agents for agricultural applications. This approach allows for controlled and sustained release of nanoparticles, leading to improved efficiency and reduced toxicity to plants.
The aim of this study was to synthesize nanocomposites of biogenic copper nanoparticles, casein micelles and calcium carbonate microspheres, and to evaluate their potential for plant growth promotion and protection.
Fungal extract from Fusarium graminearum and copper sulfate, as a precursor salt, were used for the synthesis of CuNPs. Nanoparticles were subsequently loaded into casein micelles and then encapsulated in calcium carbonate microspheres. The obtained materials were characterized using various techniques, such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, TEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, NTA, Zeta potential measurement, and ICP-MS. The agricultural potential of CuNPs, casein-NPs-micelles and casein-NPs-microspheres was assessed based on antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens and the ability to stimulate the growth of 30-day-old maize seedlings. Bio-CuNPs were small, spherical, with crystalline structure and various functional groups on their surface. CuNPs inhibited the growth of selected bacterial and fungal phytopathogens. Maize plantlets treated with microspheres exhibited higher shoot and root length as well as higher fresh and dry weight of leaves, stem, and roots, compared to plants treated with CuNPs or micelles.
Calcium carbonate microspheres, which enhance the stability and functionality of nanoparticles, can be a suitable product for various applications, including agriculture and drug delivery.

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a medical treatment consisting of ROS production with the excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) using a suitable light. The excited PS undergoes intersystem crossing from the singlet ground- to the triplet excited state, where its energy transfers to molecular O2, generating the cytotoxic 1O2. A promising PS for PDT is Ru-phenAN, a polyamidoamine copolymer bearing a Ru(II) complex, prepared and characterized by our research groups. Ru-phenAN can produce 1O2 with a good yield and is efficiently internalized by cells, where it accumulates in the nucleus upon irradiation, increasing its effectiveness for PDT.
In this project, we functionalized gold nanostars (GNS) with Ru-phenAN to test whether the metal core might increase 1O2 generation through an energy transfer to the photosensitizer via LSPR, hence increasing its PDT efficacy.
GNS@Ru-phenAN nanoparticles were prepared by using a layer-by-layer approach: a layer of a negatively charged polyamidoamine first functionalized the GNS surface, followed by a second layer of the positively charged Ru-phenAN. First, their uptake by HeLa cells was measured and compared to Ru-phenAN alone, showing a comparable internalization. The cytotoxicity and the ROS production of the Ru-phenAN copolymer, GNS@Ru-phenAN and the bare GNS were then studied, both in the dark and after irradiation in the visible spectral range, showing a 10-fold increase in the ROS generation and photocytotoxicity of GNS@Ru-phenAN. Lastly, confocal microscopy images of the cells treated with GNS@Ru-phenAN were taken, showing that the GNS and the Ru-phenAN enter together in the cells and co-localize in the cytosol.

Muscle atrophy is a well-known consequence of immobilization and critical illness, leading to prolonged rehabilitation and increased mortality. Electrical stimulation can aid in improving muscular structure. Textile electrodes serve a dual purpose: they can be utilized for monitoring bioelectrical signals such as ECG (Electrocardiography), EMG (Electromyography), or EEG (Electroencephalography), and as media for electrostimulation [1]. The core of the study is to evaluate the electrostimulation response of flexible, lower impedance and hygienic dry textile electrodes composed from a source of waste material (cotton). The work was aims to utilize the sustainable waste resources (keep view on ecological and environmental factors) to produce the electrically conductive electrodes. Initially, knitted cotton waste was collected, processed through the yarn manufacturing stage, and subsequently transformed into a knitted fabric structure. Subsequently, the deposition of silver nanoparticles was done sustainably by adopting eco-friendly techniques that minimize chemical usage, waste generation, and environmental impact. To achieve a higher concentration of silver, additional direct electroless silver plating was done. Second, half research project was contained to improve the mechanism of effective electrostimulation by lowering the skin electrodes impedances. Dynamic light scattering and SEM analysis were employed to study the morphology of deposited silver particles. To improve the properties of electrode (when it is subjected to various movement of human body), the conductive fabrics were subjected repeated extension and change in resistivity with stretch was observed. So, it can almost be considered a constant value in the stretch range of 0-80%. The electrical resistance increased after 90% of stretch. However, the fabric resistivity was well maintained after repeated extension even over 100 cycles. Furthermore, there was insignificant change in resistivity with time at constant current was observed. Moreover, the role of deposited particles on antibacterial properties was examined against pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. At the end, the durability of coated fabrics for comfort and electrical properties were examined against several washing cycles. The fabrics showed good retention of the particles, proved by SEM microstructures and small loss in the conductivity of the material after washing.

Antibiotic resistance is a rapidly escalating global crisis that threatens the effective treatment of bacterial infections in both human and veterinary medicine. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, particularly in clinical and agricultural settings, compromise conventional therapies, endanger patient safety and animal welfare, and contribute to significant healthcare and agricultural losses. Among them, resistant Staphylococcus spp. represent a major concern. This study explores zinc-selenium-based nanoparticles (ZnSe NPs) as innovative antimicrobial agents against resistant staphylococci. Following synthesis and characterization, their antibacterial properties were evaluated using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), live/dead viability, and MTT cytotoxicity assays. Three ZnSe NP formulations (ZnSe A, ZnSe B, ZnSe C) were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activity varied with nanoparticle type, concentration, and bacterial species. ZnSe A showed the strongest effect at 0.5 mg/mL, achieving complete (100%) inhibition of S. aureus. At lower concentrations, ZnSe C was more effective, inhibiting up to 57% of S. aureus and 73% of MRSA growth at 0.0625 mg/mL.
These findings highlight ZnSe NPs as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics, particularly against Gram-positive and resistant strains. Future work will focus on optimizing multi-element, metal-core nanoparticles and evaluating their efficacy against clinically relevant Staphylococcus isolates from dairy cows with mastitis and diabetic patients. This research supports the potential of nanomaterials as innovative tools to address antimicrobial resistance and improve both human and animal health outcomes.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Mendel University in Brno through project IGA25-AF-IP-021.

Emerging evidence highlights the role of gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disease progression through the release of microbial metabolites, including amyloidogenic proteins. Notably, E. coli biofilms produce curli fibers, structurally analogous to human amyloid-β (Aβ), which can promote cross-kingdom protein aggregation. This study investigates: (i) the potential of bacterial biofilm proteins to accelerate Aβ42 aggregation and induce neurotoxicity, and (ii) whether polyphenol-functionalized nanosytem can inhibit such heterotypic aggregation. Gallic acid-conjugated MoS2 quantum dots (GA@MoS2 QDs; ~9.6 ± 4.2 nm) were synthesized and characterized via spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. GA@MoS2 QDs reduced E. coli biofilm thickness by ~1.84-fold, suggesting direct interaction with biofilm components. Dot blot and MALDI-TOF analysis confirmed the presence of curli protein in bacterial biofilm. Biophysical assays demonstrated that curli protein accelerated Aβ42 aggregation by ~6.76-fold, while GA@ MoS2 QDs inhibited this process by ~17.25-fold. In SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, heterotypic aggregates induced elevated ROS generation, calcium influx, and apoptosis—all significantly mitigated by GA@MoS2 QDs. These findings underscore the critical role of bacterial amyloids in Aβ pathology and present polyphenol-nanomaterial conjugates as promising therapeutic agents targeting early amyloid cross-seeding in Alzheimer's disease.

In the present study, zinc-doped magnetite nanoparticles (Zn@Fe₃O₄) were synthesized via a wet chemical route using the coprecipitation method under alkaline conditions, with Pluronic F127 employed as a surfactant. Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded onto the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles by adding 15% DOX to the magnetic nanoparticle suspension, followed by incubation at room temperature for 24 h under continuous agitation at 100 rpm. The intrinsic physicochemical and magnetic properties of both Zn@Fe₃O₄ and Zn@Fe₃O₄-DOX nanoparticles were systematically characterized.
Structural and magnetic analyses were conducted using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD confirmed the formation of a cubic spinel structure, with an average crystallite size of approximately 10 nm. VSM measurements demonstrated that the Zn-doped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic behavior, with a saturation magnetization of 70 emu/g.
The biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of the synthesized Zn@Fe₃O₄, Zn@Fe₃O₄-DOX, and free DOX were evaluated at concentrations of 3, 10, 30, and 90 μg/mL over incubation periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours, using human breast cancer cell lines (HCC, and MCF-7) and normal human breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A). Compared to control samples, Zn@Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity across all cell lines, indicating their potential suitability for drug delivery applications.
Among the cancer cell lines tested, the most pronounced cytotoxic effect was observed in the epithelial breast cancer HCC cell line, which exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with cell viability reduced to 76.7% after 72 h of treatment with Zn@Fe₃O₄ DOX. A comparable reduction in viability (down to 74%) was also observed following treatment with free DOX at a concentration of 30 µg/mL for the same incubation period.

The study of diffusion is essential for the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems, particularly in their ability to traverse the extracellular matrix (ECM) and other biological barriers to reach target tissues. One of the most notable examples of the application of targeted nanoscale drug delivery systems is cancer therapy. The efficient transport of nanoparticles (NP) is crucial, and their mobility within the ECM is largely determined by particle size and surface charge. Recent research suggests that compressibility may also significantly impact mobility, as highly compressible systems can pass through pores smaller than their apparent size would suggest.
In this work, we present a study of the compressibility of dextran, a polysaccharide intended for future use as a diffusion probe in ECM-mimetic hydrogels. The dependence of compressibility on dextran concentration and molecular weight (Mw) was studied using high-resolution ultrasound spectroscopy (HR-US). Our results indicate a clear decrease in compressibility with increasing concentration, whereas molecular weight had a negligible effect, confirming trends observed in previous studies on biopolymers. Finally, the compressibility of dextran was compared with that of nanoparticles and hyaluronan (HA), which represent models of systems with low and high compressibility, respectively.

Our work aims to investigate the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticle-protein corona complex and evaluate its stability under conditions that simulate a biological environment. We employ atomic force microscopy (AFM) for sample analysis.
When nanoparticles come into contact with a protein-rich environment, proteins can absorb onto their surface, forming what is known as the protein corona. This layer significantly influences nanoparticles' behavior in the biological environment, including their cytotoxicity, stability, and potential for targeted drug delivery.
In order to study protein corona formation in close to native biological conditions and closely mimic cellular conditions, AFM measurements of the nanoparticle-protein corona complexes must be conducted in a liquid environment with proper ionic conditions. However, AFM imaging requires that the nanoparticles in the samples be firmly immobilized. Therefore, we developed a functional anchoring layer based on (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) to ensure stable fixation of the complexes on the substrate.
The nanoparticles used in this work were mainly gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with various diameters. They were immobilized onto APTES anchoring layer, and their anchoring stability was subsequently tested both in air and in aqueous environments.
These findings can contribute to a better understanding of protein corona behavior and open up possibilities for these findings can contribute to application in targeted therapy and diagnostics.

This work focuses on the comparison of a numerical model and experimental data describing the diffusion of a drug, sulfapyridine, in an agarose hydrogel, which serves as a model porous medium. The aim is to verify whether numerical simulation can accurately represent the transport behavior of the compound under diffusion-controlled conditions.
The model is based on a diffusion pair experimental setup consisting of a donor and an acceptor cuvette. The donor cuvette contained the drug solution, while the acceptor was filled with pure hydrogel. Agarose hydrogels were selected for their optical clarity, mechanical stability, and reproducibility.
The numerical model was developed in COMSOL Multiphysics using the Transport of Diluted Species interface. The simulation described a purely diffusive process without convection, with geometry and boundary conditions corresponding to the actual experimental configuration. The model was calibrated to isolate the diffusive component of mass transport.
The results showed good agreement between simulation and experimental data, confirming the suitability of numerical modeling for studying transport phenomena in porous systems. This modeling approach provides a solid basis for future extensions incorporating interaction mechanisms such as sorption or complexation.

This contribution aims to propose a characterisation of colloidal systems, especially vesicular systems, with regard to the use of these systems in the inhalation administration of biologically active substances. Fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering techniques were chosen as characterisation techniques. These methods are very suitable for dilute aqueous solutions of vesicles, which represent the basic colloidal system, which is able to solubilise and carry a wide range of biologically active substances, namely water-insoluble, amphiphilic, and, upon subsequent purification, water-soluble substances.
Given the expected use of these systems as carriers of water-insoluble and amphiphilic substances, attention is paid in particular to the physicochemical properties of the vesicular membrane, which, with its properties, influences the process of solubilisation of biologically active substances and the overall stability of formulated vesicular systems. Given this fact, data for different types of vesicular systems from measurements of size, zeta potential, hydration and membrane fluidity are correlated to observe the dynamics between the intrinsic local properties of the membrane with the overall characteristics of the formulated vesicular systems. This correlation will subsequently be used to describe the influence of the type of nebulisation, necessary for inhalation delivery of aqueous solutions, on membrane stability and properties.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This project is supported by Interfaculty Junior Project 'Vesicular system for inhalation delivery of biologically active substances and efficiency of its transport to the deeper parts of the respiratory tract' (FCH/FSI-J-25-8785).

Detonation nanodiamonds (DND) combine ultrasmall dimensions (≈ 5 nm) with tunable surface chemistry, making them attractive candidates for biomedical applications, particularly nucleic acid delivery. A critical prerequisite for such applications is a fundamental understanding of how nanodiamond surfaces interact with DNA and its structural components.
In this work, we investigated the interactions of oxidized (DND_O) and hydrogenated (DND_H) nanodiamonds with DNA, nucleosides, and nitrogenous bases. Controlled surface modifications were employed to correlate surface chemistry with biomolecular binding. Oxidation at 450 °C provided oxygen-rich terminations (-COOH, C=O, -OH) and a negative zeta potential, while hydrogenation at 700 °C under hydrogen flow produced C-Hx groups and a positive zeta potential.
Colloidal dispersions of these nanodiamonds were incubated with nucleic acid components ranging from individual bases and nucleosides to complete DNA molecules (salmon sperm DNA). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) served as the primary tool to monitor functional groups and confirm adsorption through phosphate and amine signatures. Complementary techniques, including Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), further substantiated the binding behavior.
The results reveal distinct binding modes: DND_H exhibited enhanced affinity for DNA, predominantly mediated by electrostatic interactions with the sugar-phosphate backbone, with only minimal involvement of nucleobase regions. In contrast, DND_O bound electrostatically to nucleobase regions. These findings highlight nanodiamonds as highly promising carriers for nucleic acid loading and targeted gene delivery.

Molybdenum oxide (MoOx) nanomaterials exhibit strong photothermal conversion under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, enabling therapeutic applications across both NIR-I and NIR-II biological windows. Their pH-dependent activation and versatile conjugations with biomolecules position them as promising candidates for advanced cancer therapies that are functional, selective, and drug-free. In this study, MoOx nanoparticles and conjugates with integrin-binding RGD peptides were embedded within hydrogel matrices, enabling a Trojan-horse approach to the treatment of recurrent glioblastomas. Hydrogels based on 2-oxazoline and bio-based butyrolactone chemistry demonstrated favorable properties, providing optimal stability and biocompatibility for embedding. This polymer-embedded platform combines tumor-specific recognition with controlled photothermal activation, aiming to overcome the challenges posed by the invasive and heterogeneous nature of brain cancer. Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency contract No. APVV-23-0535, DS-FR-24-0051, by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science under contract No. VEGA 2/0056/24, VEGA 2/0170/24, VEGA 2/0153/25 and by the NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Plan for Slovakia under the project No. 09I03-03-V04-00297.

Lipid-based nanocarriers have emerged as ad-vanced systems for the delivery of natural com-pounds with limited aqueous solubility and restricted biomedical applicability. Brazilian green propolis extract (PROP) is a complex mixture rich in bioactive molecules with recog-nized antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties. However, its therapeutic use remains limited by poor solubility and instability under physiological conditions.
In this study, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were designed to encapsulate PROP in order to improve its physicochemical stability, provide controlled release, and enhance biolo-gical activity. The formulations were produced by emulsification-ultrasonication using solid and liquid lipids combined with surfactants. The nanoparticles exhibited mean sizes between 110 and 130 nm, narrow distribution (PDI < 0.200), and negative zeta potential (-12 mV). Encapsu-lation efficiency was close to 100%, and the systems remained stable for up to six months under storage.
In vitro release studies using a dialysis model demonstrated a sustained release profile for the encapsulated extract, in contrast to the rapid diffusion observed for free propolis. Cytotoxi-city assays (MTT) against human melanoma A375 cells revealed that nanoencapsulation potentiated the antitumor activity of PROP, allowing significant effects at lower concentra-tions compared with the non-encapsulated ex-tract.
Overall, the findings indicate that lipid-based nanocarriers are effective platforms for encap-sulating green propolis, enabling improved sta-bility, controlled release, and enhanced thera-peutic efficacy. These results reinforce the po-tential of NLCs as innovative nanomaterials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of natural products.
This work was supported by CAPES, FAPESP, and CNPq (311368/2022-0).

Biosensors are miniaturized diagnostic devices that employ immobilized detecting molecules to quantify target analytes in complex samples. In immunosensors, the antibody-antigen interaction offers intrinsic specificity and selectivity. However, antibody orientation affects access to antigen binding sites and binding efficacy; therefore, its control is essential for surface biofunctionalization. This study examines IgG antibody immobilization onto protein nanolayers via two site-specific binding strategies: the protein G-Fc region of IgG molecule and the streptavidin-biotin system. ​[1,2]​
Silicon substrates, pretreated with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde, were modified either with protein G or streptavidin. Antibody adsorption isotherms and antigen-binding affinities were quantified by White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy (WLRS). Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) characterized multilayer protein chemical composition and IgG orientation. [​3,4]​ Protein G modification promoted a tail-on orientation at IgG surface density forcing vertical alignment. In contrast, streptavidin surfaces yielded predominantly side-on attachment of biotynylated IgG with a low maximal surface amount. Notably, reducing streptavidin surface coverage enhanced IgG binding capacity and enabled vertical molecules arrangement with mixed tail-on/head-on orientation.
These findings deepen the understanding of how protein nanolayers can be used in immunosensors as specific platforms for detecting binding molecules.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The research was funded by the National Science Centre (NCN Poland) under the grant 2021/43/D/ST5/02231.
REFERENCES: [1]Dundas, C. M., Demonte, D. & Park, S. Streptavidin-biotin technology: improvements and innovations in chemical and biological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97, 9343-9353 (2013); [2]Akerström, B. & Björck, L. A physicochemical study of protein G, a molecule with unique immunoglobulin G-binding properties. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261, 10240-10247 (1986); [3]Gajos, K., Sanocka, K., Wytrwał, M., Dąbczyński, P. & Budkowski, A. pH-dependent orientation of physisorbed and chemisorbed antibodies on silicon determined with TOF-SIMS and its effect on in-flow capture assay monitored with WLRS sensor. Appl Surf Sci 656, 159644 (2024); [4]Gajos, K., Budkowski, A., Petrou, P. & Kakabakos, S. A perspective on ToF-SIMS analysis of biosensor interfaces: Controlling and optimizing multi-molecular composition, immobilization through bioprinting, molecular orientation. Appl Surf Sci 594, 153439 (2022).

Tropaeolum majus is a horticultural plant and extract is found to be rich in phenolics and flavonoids. Nanoparticles synthesized by the green method are considered a clean, safe, less toxic, inexpensive method according to traditional methods. Antibiotic resistance is one of today's most important problems. It is thought that finding new molecules to inhibite the mechanisms involved in pathogenicity would be effective in solving the resistance problem. In this study, Tropaeolum majus leaves extract was used to synthesize the copper nanoparticle and investigated at the characterization and antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquarum sensing activity. The fruits of the Tropaeolum majus grown on the Beşevler campus of the Ankara University. Methanolic extract was prepared for nanoparticle synthesis. 50 ml of extract was added to 20 mmol of copper chloride solution and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 10. The solution was incubated at 90 °C for 4 h and centrifuged. The resulting residue was dried. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method was used for antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquarum sensing activity. After the synthesis of Cu NPs, the solution changed color from turquoise to black with time. From the UV-visible spectrum, it was observed that the peak of Cu NP occurred at 266 nm. The characterization of nanoparticles was investigated using Raman, XRD, EDX and SEM and the results were consistent with the literature. The CuNP didn’t show antibacterial activity.In the presence of anti-QS activity, there was a weak inhibition zone around the disks impregnated with Cu NPs.

Numerous metal ions are capable of forming nanostructured complexes that may further assemble into micro- and macro-scale architectures. Within biological systems, these structures can lead to significant pathological consequences, including the obstruction of organ excretory pathways or accumulation within body cavities and synovial spaces. Moreover, the formation of such structures has been associated with malignant tumors, highlighting the critical need for systematic investigation in this area. Established methodologies for the synthesis of such nanostructures also offer promising paths for their integration into biomedical applications, such as biosensors and targeted drug delivery systems. For the analytical determination of metal ions within these complexes, a combination of spectrophotometric (UV-Vis, FTIR, AAS) and electrochemical techniques (DPV, CPSA) is employed. The initial identification of these crystalline assemblies typically relies on microscopic visualization. The objective of this study was to synthesize various phosphate-based complexes with selected metal ions and to comprehensively characterize the resulting materials using several analytical techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), electrochemical analysis, and microscopy.

The fabrication of nanostructured, functionalized surfaces for the detection of specific molecules has attracted significant attention due to its broad applicability in bio-sensing. A typical biosensor comprises a transducer that converts biochemical interactions at the surface into a measurable physical signal. One promising technique for the selective immobilization of small molecules is the use of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs). MIPs are synthetic materials designed with molecular recognition sites, formed by imprinting a target molecule (template) into a polymer matrix. The key steps in MIP fabrication involve the imprinting of the target molecule and its subsequent removal, leaving behind cavities complementary in shape and functionality for selective rebinding.
This work explore the feasibility of integrating a MIP layer with a Lossy Mode Resonance (LMR) based optical fiber. LMR involves the interaction of light with a thin lossy (absorptive) film deposited on an optical waveguide (like an optical fiber or planar waveguide), resulting in a sharp resonance in the transmitted or reflected light spectrum. The underlying concept is that the interaction of target molecules with the MIP modulates the LMR signal, enabling label-free detection. The core of the optical fiber was coated with a thin, LMR-generating indium tin oxide (ITO) film, and the MIP layer was deposited at top of the ITO to provide molecular selectivity. As a proof of concept, preliminary experiments were conducted using metolachlor as a model target compound. Metolachlor, a widely used herbicide, is commonly found in water sources due to its high solubility and environmental mobility. Exposure through ingestion or dermal contact poses health risks, highlighting the need for its sensitive detection.
A measurable shift in the LMR signal was observed after immersion in metolachlor solution, which saturated after a defined exposure period, indicating complete analyte uptake. The template molecule was effectively removed, demonstrating the high reusability of the developed optical fiber sensor. These pilot experiments indicate that the integration of MIPs with LMR-based optical fibers is a viable approach for selective, label-free molecular detection. Although still in the early stages, the concept shows promise in terms of sensitivity and selectivity, motivating for further research.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) exhibit semiconductor, photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and piezoelectric properties, while noble metal nanoparticles (mNP) possess localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR). Integrating both into hybrid systems can enhance their properties and expand their applications in optoelectronics and biomedicine.
We investigate the optical properties of aqueous colloidal mixtures composed of 50 nm ZnO (absorption edge at 370 nm) and 20 nm mNP, silver (AgNP; LSPR at 394 nm, near ZnO edge) and gold (AuNP; LSPR at 524 nm, far from ZnO edge), using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and COMSOL simulations. Spectral deconvolution reveals a red-shift of around 4 nm in the plasmonic peak and ZnO absorption edge, attributed to the close spectral overlap of the particle activities. In contrast, AuZnO mixtures show no spectral shifts across various concentration ratios, despite changes in pH, zeta potential, and hydrodynamic size. Scanning electron microscopy confirms no significant mNP aggregation in the mixtures.
Numerical modeling indicates that ZnO minimally impacts the plasmonic absorption itself, but it enhances the local electromagnetic field of both mNP via dielectric effects. This enhancement depends on the number and spatial arrangement of surrounding mNP. To preserve plasmonic wavelength, AgNP must maintain >5 nm distance from ZnO, while AuNP exhibit no wavelength change even in direct contact with ZnO. This differs from previously reported plasmon-nanodiamond systems, where plasmon resonance was surface mediated.
These findings provide further insight into the physics of plasmonic-semiconductor systems and support their potential use in applications such as sensing or photocatalysis.

Nowadays, scientific research is increasingly focused on developing innovative materials for use in regenerative medicine, particularly for treating bone tissue damage. In the presented study, composite membranes were prepared using a poly(ε-caprolactone) matrix (PCL) enriched with nano- and micro-hydroxyapatite (n-HA/μ-HA), oleic acid (OA), and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The selection of these components aimed to improve the structural and functional properties of the material. MNPs were produced via a controlled co-precipitation method and subsequently functionalized with oleic acid to enable effective transfer of the MNPs into an organic environment and to enhance their dispersion and chemical stability. The modification was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ATR-FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy analysis, which included measurements at increasing laser power, showed that functionalization with OA stabilizes magnetite, limiting its susceptibility to oxidation. The nanocomposite membranes were produced via the solvent casting method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that MNPs and HA acted as nucleating agents, affecting the size and morphology of PCL spherulites, whereas OA promoted more ordered crystallization and enhanced HA dispersion within the matrix. Images of the membrane cross-sections obtained by TEM microscopy revealed that n-HA showed a strong tendency to agglomerate, whereas μ-HA was characterized by relatively good dispersion. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of all components into the polymer matrix and indicated that the addition of MNPs led to a decrease in PCL crystallinity. In summary, the presented multi-component membranes seem to be promising materials for use in bone tissue engineering; however, their true potential will only be determined after biological tests.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The study was supported by the research part of the subsidy of the Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland. The research has been supported by a grant from the Faculty of Chemistry under the Strategic Programme Excellence Initiative (Young Labs competition - Edition 4 and 5) at Jagiellonian University. This work was partially funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (Project 2024/08/X/ST4/01426 to A.K.) The study was carried out using research infrastructure funded by the European Union in the framework of the Smart Growth Operational Programme, Measure 4.2; Grant No. POIR.04.02.00-00-D001/20, “ATOMIN 2.0 - Center for materials research on ATOMic scale for the INnovative economy”.

Designing functional materials for biomedical applications is particularly appealing and impactful when approached with the principles of sustainable materials context. For many decades, chitosan-based biomaterials have drawn significant attention in the biomedical field due to their many applications, driven by biological properties such as biocompatibility, limited inflammation from foreign body reactions, and biodegradability, among others. Another advantage of chitosan is its excellent processability where previous studies have demonstrated its use in various forms, such as hydrogels, films, nanoparticles, fibers, and carriers for delivery of active substances. For surgical application use, fabrication by wet spinning to produce chitosan fibers would be beneficial as suture threads. However, a key limitation of chitosan fibers is their relatively low mechanical strength. To address this issue, α-zirconium phosphate (Zr(HPO4)2.H2O, ZrP), a crystalline inorganic reinforcement nanofiller, was synthesized and incorporated into the fibers by mixing it into the chitosan solution. ZrP nanoparticles were obtained with different aspect ratios and sizes depending on reaction conditions; nanoparticles for sol-gel method and nanoplatelets for hydrothermal method. In this work, ZrP-loaded chitosan fibers, fabricated by wet spinning with different drawing ratios and nanofiller concentrations, were evaluated for their structural and mechanical properties. Results showed an enhancement of plasticity upon the addition of ZrP, up to a certain filler threshold, enabling the potential use of the fibers for medical applications.

The increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance poses a significant challenge to contemporary healthcare, representing a serious and potentially life-threatening complication in patients with bacterial infections of diverse origins, severities, and anatomical localizations. Strategies aimed at mitigating resistance and identifying novel substances or mechanisms able to suppress it are essential, particularly in the treatment of infected wounds. One promising strategy is the integration of traditional medicine and phytotherapy, which offers a wide spectrum of natural compounds with bioactive properties, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and regenerative effects. The synergistic combination of natural substances with conventional pharmaceuticals may enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce required dosages, and accelerate healing, thereby minimizing systemic burden and shortening treatment duration. Moreover, certain phytochemicals have demonstrated the ability to modulate bacterial resistance mechanisms, such as efflux pump inhibition. However, the limited miscibility and biocompatibility of solvent systems used for natural compound extraction necessitate the development of optimal carriers that are biocompatible, biodegradable, solvent-stable, and capable of targeted delivery. In this context, micro- and nanomaterial-based carriers offer considerable potential. This study investigates the potential of biodegradable silica nanofibers (SiNFs) as carriers for the natural bioactive compounds carvacrol (CAR) and thymol (THY), as well as their combinations with the conventional antibiotic gentamicin sulphate (GEN). The functionalized carrier was evaluated for antibacterial activity and biocompatibility to murine fibroblasts.

This work focuses on fabricating tubular nanofiber scaffolds using DC and AC electrospinning combined with electrohydrodynamic (EHD) technology. Experiments were performed with a rotating collector to evaluate the influence of applied high voltage, needle-to-collector distance, and polymer solution dosage on process stability and fibre deposition. Suitable processing parameters were identified for each technique, and their mutual compatibility was demonstrated. For AC electrospinning, the needle-to-collector distance was shown to have a critical impact on fibre deposition, resulting in the formation of two distinct structural types. These findings highlight the potential of parameter tuning to precisely control scaffold structure, supporting their application in tissue engineering and related biomedical fields.

Polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers are widely used as scaffolds in tissue engineering, but their hydrophobic surfaces limit protein adsorption and cell adhesion. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of amino-functionalized thin films offers a simple, tunable method to enhance surface hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. These coatings promote electrostatic interactions with proteins and cells, improving viability and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts [1], mouse myoblasts [2], and rat vascular smooth muscle cells [3]. In addition to supporting proliferation, amine surfaces enhance cell adhesion, particularly in non-endothelial cells, due to electrostatic interactions between the positively charged surface and the negatively charged glycocalyx [4], [5].
While effective for non-immune cells, the impact of amino-rich films on immune cells remains underexplored. To address this, we evaluated three PECVD coatings with varying nitrogen content and surface properties. Neutrophil-like (dHL-60) and macrophage-like (dTHP-1) models were used to assess early and late immune responses, respectively. In neutrophils, films with high nitrogen content, positive surface charge, and low water stability triggered strong pro-inflammatory activation, evidenced by elevated cytokine expression. Macrophages showed moderate responses across all coatings. These results emphasize the importance of including immune models in biomaterials testing and guide the design of immunomodulatory scaffolds.
REFERENCES: [1] L. Štrbková et al., Surf. Coat. Technol. 295, 70, (2016); [2] A. Manakhov et al., Plasma Process. Polym. 14, 7, (2017); [3] I. Nemcakova et al., Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 24, (2020); [4] P. Černochová et al., Sci. Rep. 10, 1, 9357, (2020); [5] M. Buchtelová et al., Plasma Process. Polym. 20, 6, (2023).

The article presents the development of a laboratory device for producing combined nanofibrous structures using DC electrospinning (DCES), AC electrospinning (ACES), and electrohydrodynamic printing (EHD printing). The objective was to assess the applicability of these techniques for preparing multilayer and hybrid structures and to design a device concept that enables their implementation. Experimental work focused on identifying key parameters influencing process stability and fibre quality. The effects of applied voltage, capillary-to-collector distance were investigated. In addition, simulations of the electric field were carried out to provide a basis for optimising electrode geometry and the arrangement of functional components.
Based on experimental data and simulation results, a device concept integrating the three techniques into a single system was proposed. The article describes the configuration of individual modules and their adjustment options. Initial tests are presented, showing the preparation of nanofibrous structures with different morphologies and properties depending on the selected process parameters. The findings indicate that combining DCES, ACES, and EHD printing is suitable for the fabrication of composite nanostructures. The proposed device concept provides a foundation for further development aimed at applications in tissue engineering, functional coatings, and biomedical materials.

In recent years, the solution blow spinning (SBS) process has gained interest due to its numerous advantages like high production rate or absence of high voltage for nanofiber fabrication. This technology utilizes coaxial nozzle systems, polymeric solution and high-velocity gas or airflow. One of the SBS research directions is represented by a potential in situ application of nanofibrous wound dressings of SBS in medicine. The spun polymeric solutions for SBS are usually prepared using toxic solvents due to the suitable properties required for spinning like high vapor pressure. Regarding the prospective medical application, ensuring that the spinning method poses no harmful effects is crucial. This statement contradicts the use of toxic solvents. Replacing toxic solvents with so-called nontoxic benign solvents seems to be a suitable solution. However, benign solvents pose a problem for the SBS process in terms of evaporation. It must be compensated for by one of the technology parameters e.g. nozzle diameter. This paper presents the results of SBS process of polymeric solutions based on aliphatic polyesters containing benign solvents such as ethyl acetate and acetone. The influence of a change in nozzle diameter on the SBS process is shown. The morphology of the produced fibers was studied using scanning electron microscopy. According to the results, the process of replacing toxic solvents with environmentally friendly ones is not trivial and it is still necessary to address this issue to obtain optimal fiber morphology using the SBS method and solutions containing benign solvents.

Introduction: The intersection of chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, and the persistent threat of catheter-related infections presents a significant challenge in modern healthcare (Rybka et al., 2022). Hemodialysis, while life-sustaining, necessitates the insertion of catheters, which unfortunately become a nidus for microbial colonization and subsequent biofilm formation (Polinarski et al., 2021). The establishment of biofilms within these catheters poses a formidable barrier to conventional antimicrobial therapies, often necessitating catheter removal and replacement, leading to increased morbidity and healthcare costs. In this context, innovative strategies aimed at preventing and managing catheter-related infections are of paramount importance.
Aim: This study aims to delve into the potential of silver nanoparticle impregnated wound dressings as a proactive measure in dialysis catheter care, addressing concerns of infection prevention and promoting optimal patient outcomes.
Methodology: The methodology involves a comprehensive literature review of studies evaluating the efficacy of silver nanoparticle dressings in reducing catheter-related infections. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science will be searched using relevant keywords. Inclusion criteria prioritize randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies assessing the impact of dressings on infection rates, catheter dwell time, and patient-reported outcomes.
Results and Conclusion: The findings suggest that silver nanoparticle-impregnated wound dressings show promise in reducing microbial colonization and biofilm formation on dialysis catheters, leading to decreased infection rates and extended catheter dwell times. Furthermore, patients report improved satisfaction and quality of life with these dressings.

Sulfated polysaccharides from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) exhibit notable biological activities, including antiviral, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. Due to their complex structure and the presence of sulfate groups, these biopolymers are used to functionalize nanoparticles, enhancing colloidal stability and imparting specific biological properties. Sulfated polysaccharides were extracted from native Arthrospira biomass using distilled water (1:45m/v) at 90°C for 2 hours, precipitated using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, washed with 95% sodium acetate and 96% ethanol, then dissolved in distilled water (10 mg/ml). For biofunctionalization, 20 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were added (100 µg to 10 mL of a polysaccharide solution) and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. FTIR analysis revealed a decrease in the intensity of bands specific to sulfate and polysaccharide groups, suggesting direct interactions between the nanoparticles and the sulfated polysaccharides. These changes indicate the formation of covalent or coordinative bonds between functional groups of the polysaccharides and the nanoparticle surface. A 30% reduction in reducing power compared to native polysaccharides confirmed altered antioxidant capacity following biofunctionalization. This interaction led to the formation of a colloidally stable complex, in which nanoparticles were efficiently dispersed and protected against aggregation by sulfate groups on the polysaccharide surface. This enhanced colloidal stability imparts improved physicochemical characteristics, supporting potential applications in controlled drug delivery, targeted release systems, and the design of novel bioactive nanomaterials. This work was supported by a grant of the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS-UEFISCDI, contract number 12ROMD/20.05.2024, project PN-IV-P8-8.3-ROMD-2023-0060, within PNCDI IV.

Piezoelectric elements are new generation of bio-devices such as biosensors and biometers. Biodegradable materials are the most suitable form for bio-devices and regenerative medicine. One of the promising materials is polyhydroxybutyrate produced by bacteria e.g. Cupriavidus necator H16 (used in this work) which when oriented and crystalized in defined orientation becomes piezoelectric. We have demonstrated active orientation of Cupriavidus necator H16 via surface acoustic waves (SAWs) and spin-coating in microstructures. SAW or SSAW was propagated directly on the piezoelectric substrate by pair of interdigital transducers which were powered by radiofrequency generator. SAWs were employed to migrate bacteria to pressure nodes in microchannels. An open channel was fabricated directly on the piezoelectric substrate and as well on SI wafer which was bonded to base substrate to achieve higher-quality results, enabling additional analytical methods to be applied. The nodes on the prepared device were spaced 150 µm apart by the design of the IDTs directly on the piezoelectric substrate. This phenomenon allows bacteria to be oriented on a macroscopic scale. Another method employed was orientation in microstructures on Si wafers and PDMS molds using spin-coating. Microfabricated structures featured different shapes to determine which was the most suitable for orientation on microscopic scale even on the levels of single bacteria. Different spin-coater speeds were used to obtain the most promising results. Bacteria were analyzed by bright-field microscopy and atomic force microscopy after orientation to observe the outcomes.

Transforming simple MeOH into powerful tool for complex synthesis is redefining sustainable chemistry- Selective activation of C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds remain a central challenge in molecular design. We presented a green strategy using methanol as both a hydrogen (H₂) and C₁ source via the Borrowing Hydrogen (BH) approach. Our tandem catalytic protocols merged transfer hydrogenation and methylation into a single step, reducing waste and improving efficiency. The system enabled diverse reductive transformations, including a three-component coupling for N-methylated amines, and in-situ aminomethylation using ammonium formate. We further demonstrated selective hydrogenation and methylation of N-heteroarenes and regiodivergent reductive ring-opening of epoxides, selectively accessing Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov alcohols by simply tuning the reaction conditions. These results highlighted methanol’s dual role as a green hydrogen donor and methylating agent, offering an efficient platform for C-C and C-N bond functionalization.

Lignin, a complex heteropolymer with a key structural role in plant cell walls, is traditionally regarded as a low-value byproduct of the pulp and paper industry. However, its inherent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties make it a promising candidate for biomedical applications. In this work, two types of lignin—sodium lignosulfonate and calcium lignosulfonate—were incorporated into gellan gum, a thermoresponsive polysaccharide capable of forming hydrogel networks and solid composites. This approach aims to valorize lignin through the development of biofunctional materials for in vitro biomedical evaluation.
Rheological characterization via oscillatory analysis revealed that gellan gum-calcium lignosulfonate hydrogels exhibited the highest storage modulus, attributed to favorable ionic interactions between calcium cations and the polymer network. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of electrostatic interactions without the formation of new covalent bonds. Textural analysis demonstrated that the resulting solid composites possessed a highly organized porous architecture, with porosity exceeding 95% and a broad distribution of pore sizes ranging from the nano- to the microscale.
Furthermore, increasing lignin content led to a marked decrease in swelling capacity (from 1500% to 550%), consistent with the hydrophobic nature of lignin. In vitro assays confirmed the biocompatibility of the gellan-lignin composites, supporting their potential as scaffolding materials in biomedical applications, where their mechanical, structural, and swelling properties can be advantageously tailored.